Y
trigolion cyntaf
Wrth
i'r iâ doddi, ar ddiwedd Oes yr Iâ, ffrwythlonodd
y tir ac i'w ganlyn y daeth yr anifeiliaid au helwyr. Paelaeoithic ac
yna Mesolithic. Ychydig iawn o dystiolaeth sydd o drigolion Mesolithic Llŷn.
Y grêd yw fod pobol wedi mudo i fynny o dde ddwyrain Prydain
o gwmpas 4000 C.C. ac wedi dod gyda hwy wybodaeth am Ffermio
a chrochenwaith Dyma'r cyntaf o sawl mewnlifiad o ddiwylliannau
o'r dwyrain, yn symud trigolion brodorol Prydain tua'r gorllewin
i gymysgu, gyda thrigolion ucheldiroedd y gorllewin. Roeddynt
yma yn cadw eu credoau a'u ffyrdd o fyw. Mae'r pwysau hwn o'r
de ddwyrain yn dal i fodoli heddiw.
Buodd
fôdd bynnag nifer o ddargynfyddiadau o'r cyfnod yma, yn cynnwys
Ysgrafellau (Scrapers), bwyell, a hefyd blaenau saethau.
Mae tystiolaeth o ddiwydiant fflint yn Llanengan yn Bryn-yr-Efail
a Phen Cilan. Mae yna hefyd ffatri bwyelli
cerryg ar fynydd Rhiw uwchben Bryncroes, sydd yn dangos masnach
a gofyn cynnyddol mewn penau bwyelli. Mae hefyd forthwylion tyllog
(Perforated) wedi cael eu darganfod mewn nifer o safleoedd
Buodd
hefyd fewnlifiad o ddiwylliannau a phobol o'r môr (un o nodweddion
pwysicaf Llŷn). Y ffordd hon o gwmpas 3000 - 2500 C.C, y daeth
y bobol gyntaf i adael tystiolaetrh bendant o'u bodolaeth yn Llŷn.
Dyma'r bobol a oedd yn gadael eu meirw mewn Siambrau cymunedol.
Fe ddaeth y diwylliant hwn o fôr y canoldir, heibio arfordiroedd
gorllewinol Sbaen, Portiwgal a Chernyw. Gadawyd yn Llŷn gromlechi
gwych. Maent wedi eu dyddio yn ol i o gwmpas 2000 C.C.. Mae'r rhain
a'r siambrau ar Ynys Môn yn dangos yr un datblygiad na'r
siamberi yn Nyffryn Boyne yn Iwerddon. Mae llawer o'r Meini Hirion,
a'r carneddau yn Llŷn yn cael eu cysylltu a'r cyfnod yma, hyd at
o gwmpas 1000 C.C.
Allan
or holl Frythoniaid celtaidd eu iaith, Cychwynodd o gwmpas y 5ed
ganrif C.C. boblogaeth o siaradwyr Celtaidd. Dilynwyd hwn o gwmpas
y 3ydd Canrif gan y Goideliaid, llwyth celtaidd arall o Iwerddon.
Grwp gyda iaith tebyg, a chysylltiadau masnachol eang. Fe adeiladwyd
ganddynt Fryngaerau o'r flwyddyn 300 C.C. (Mae yna theoriau mai'r
Goedeliaid ddaeth gyntaf, a cawsont eu gwthio tua'r gorllewin trwy
Brydain i Iwerddon, ac fod ychydig ohonynt au diwylliant wedi ei
adael yn Llŷn, a Môn gan y Brythoniaid.) |
The
first Inhabitants
As
the ice sheets melted and the land became fertile so too followed
animals and their hunters. Paelaeoithic then Mesolithic. There
is little evidence of the Mesolithic inhabitants of Llŷn. There
was probably a movement of peoples from the south eastern lowlands
of Britain around 4000 B.C. bringing with them the knowledge
of farming and pottery. This was the first of many flows of cultures
from the east moving the indigenous people of Britain west to
merge with the peoples of the western highlands. Here they kept
their beliefs and way of life. This pressure continues today.
There
have, however been a number of discoveries from this period including
scrapers, axe and arrow heads. There is evidence of the flint industry
at Llanengan at Bryn -yr-efail and Pen Cilan. There is a stone
axe 'factory' on mynydd Rhiw above Bryncroes, which shows an
increasing demand and trade in axe heads. Perforated axe hammers
have been found at numerous locations.
There
has also been a flow of cultures and people along the natural highway
the sea. Llŷn with its mountainous backbone protruding into this
highway was a natural stepping stone. It is by this route around
3000 -2500 B.C. that the first peoples to leave substantial evidence
of their existence in Llŷn arrived. These were the people who left
their dead in communal chambered tombs. This culture arrived via
the Atlantic coasts of Spain, Portugal and Brittany from the Mediterranean.
It left in Llŷn remarkable Megalithic chambered tombs. They date
at being erected at around 2000 B.C.. These and the tombs in Anglsey
show evolutionary features similar to the chambers of the Boyne
valley culture from Ireland. Many of the standing stones and cairns
in Llŷn are attributed from this period through to around 1000
B.C.
From
these waves of Celtic speaking Brythons there emerged around the
5th century B.C. a Celtic speaking population. This was probably
followed around 3rd century B.C. by the Goidels, another Celtic
tribe from Ireland. A common language group with similar beliefs
and wide spread trading links. They built hill forts from about
300 B.C. (There are theories that the Goidels came first, were
pushed Westward through Britain to Ireland and that their remnants
were left in Llŷn and Môn by the later Brythons.)
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Mae'n
ymddangos fod dau gyfnod o adeiladu Bryngaerau yn yr ardal. Mae'r
cyfnod cyntaf yn cynnwys y Bryngaerau mawr yn Garn
Boduan a Garn Fadryn sydd
o gwmpas 300 C.C.. Cafodd y rhain eu hail gryfhau yn ystod yr ail
gyfnod. Mae Tre'r Ceiri'n
perthyn i'r ail gyfnod yn unig. Mae'r ail gyfnod hwn o atgyfnerthiad
o gwmpas 100 C.C. yn cyd oesi gyda math gwahanol o adeiladaeth
sef y caeriau Bivallate earthern, a gafodd eu hadeiladu
ar yr arfordir gogleddol ym Mhorthdin Llaen a Dinas Dinlle. Mae'r
ddwy safle yma yn awgrymu bygythiadau o'r môr oddi wrth Iwerddon
sy'n cadarnhau eu hymsefydlu mewn amgylchedd anghyfeillgar. mae
Castell Odo ac ambell i safle fychain arall yn awgrymu symudiadau
pellach i mewn i'r tir, oddi wrth eu safleoedd gwreiddiol ar yr
arfordir.
Pan
Cyrhaeddodd y Rhufeiniaid wlad geltaidd ei hiaith roedd yng Ngwynedd
amryw o lwythi yn cynnwys y Deceangli. Roedd y rhan fwyaf o'r rhain
yn byw yn y Bryngeiriau, sef Tre'r
Ceiri, Garn Boduan,
a Garn Fadryn. Yn ol Ptolemy,
Enwyd Llŷn yn Penrhyn y Gangani (Llwyth sydd i'w weld hefyd yng
Ngorllewin Iwerddon). Rheolwyd Gogledd Cymru i gyd, ar amser ymosodiad
y Rhufeiniaid gan lwyth o'r enw Yr Ordovices (Hammer-fighters)
a oedd yn Ymerodraeth o lwythi Celtaidd. Mae hefyd dystiolaeth
fod yr Ordovices wedi parhau fel uned tan y bumed ganrif.
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There
seems to be two phases of hillfort building in the area. The first
includes the large hillforts of Garn
Boduan and Garn Fadryn at
about 300 B.C.. These were re-fortified during the second period
.Tre'r ceiri belongs
solely to this second period. This second period of re-enforcement
at around 100 B.C. is contemporary with a different type of construction
namely the Bivallate earthen forts that were constructed on the
Northern coast at Porthdinllaen and Dinas dinlle. Both these seem
to suggest sea-bourne invaders from Ireland consolidating their
landfall in a hostile environment. Castell odo and a few other
small sites also suggest further inland insurgence into Llŷn by
Iron age 'B' people.
When the
Romans invaded a Celtic speaking Britain the people of Gwynedd comprised
a group of tribes amongst which were the deceangli. These tribes lived
for the most part in hill forts, Tre'r
ceiri, Garn Boduan and Garn
Fadryn being excellent examples. Ptolemy informs us that Llŷn is
named the promontory of the Gangani (a tribe which only appears elsewhere
in Western Ireland). The Ordovices ( Hammer-fighters) that ruled the
whole of North Wales at the time of the roman invasion were probably
a confederation of such Celtic tribes. There is also evidence that
the Ordovices as a unit survived as an entity until the 5th century.
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